The Galilean satellites—Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto—may look like four neighboring worlds, but together they preserve one of the most important records of planetary formation in the Solar System. A major review in Space Science Reviews brings their origin and evolution into sharper focus, revealing a system shaped by a delicate balance between gas, ice, rock, heat, magnetic fields and orbital migration. Io is a volcanic furnace, Europa hid…
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