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Whole-Genome Study of Koalas Shows Genetic Diversity Alone Can Misread Extinction Risk

Genomic analysis of 418 koalas reveals bottlenecked southeastern populations are rapidly gaining genetic diversity through recombination and growth, improving adaptive potential, researchers say.

  • Researchers sequencing whole genomes discovered on March 5, 2026, that koalas' effective population in Victoria has jumped despite a collapse of more than 90%, indicating genetic recovery.
  • After severe declines, surviving koalas were moved to island refuges such as French Island and Kangaroo Island, with populations in Victoria falling to 500–1,000 by the 1920s.
  • Using 418 whole genomes from 27 koala populations across Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, researchers found Victorian populations show genetic regeneration while northern Australia populations carry more harmful mutations and decline.
  • Authors recommend integrating genetic and evolutionary knowledge into conservation planning, warning that static genetic measures risk misclassifying extinction danger and recovery for conservation managers and policy planners.
  • Conservation managers face challenges as northern koala populations decline while southern populations are overabundant, and past translocation practices are now high-risk and complex.
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Nature broke the news in United Kingdom on Thursday, March 5, 2026.
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