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War redrew the US southern border. The culture never surrendered.
Natividad says 4 nations claimed his ancestor’s homeland as archives show how border shifts changed communities and preserved languages and traditions.
Nicholas Natividad studies how shifting national boundaries reshaped communities in the Paso del Norte region over generations, examining history through families that remained despite changing political borders.
For 300 years, Spain claimed the vast region now consisting of Mexico and the American Southwest until Mexico won independence in 1821 after an 11-year war, establishing the foundational territory for the modern border.
Natividad's great-great-great grandfather Juan Velarde lived under the flags of Mexico, Texas, the Confederacy, and the United States, embodying the rapid political transformations that reshaped the desert Southwest.
Archivist Dennis Daily preserves historical maps at New Mexico State University's Branson Library, maintaining a collection by French, Dutch, Spanish, and American cartographers that documents these territorial shifts.
"With every shift in the border has come a shift in consciousness," Natividad said, as Mexican Americans and Indigenous communities preserved their traditions, keeping languages and ceremonies alive despite national expansion.