Engineers have long insisted on polished perfection. Aircraft wings, fuselages, even high-speed train bodies demanded surfaces as smooth as possible. The goal stayed simple. Reduce skin friction. Delay the shift from orderly laminar flow to chaotic turbulence. Cut drag. Save fuel. Fly faster. That assumption held firm for more than 80 years. It traced back to 1940 work by Japanese aerodynamicist Ichiro Tani. His studies tied surface roughness di…
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