Across Bosnia, Macedonia, Albania, and beyond, Sufi brotherhoods defined the religious landscape of the Ottoman Balkans. Khalwatiyyah and Bektashiyyah proved the most extensive, followed by Naqshbandiyyah, Qadiriyyah, and Rifa’iyyah. Others, such as Mawlawiyyah, Bayramiyyah, Sa’diyyah, Jalwatiyyah, Shadhiliyyah, and Badawiyyah, left lighter footprints. This article maps their centers, practices, and legacies. Sufism Before Ottomans Statue of 1…
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