Fern Stems Reveal Secrets of Evolution: How Constraints in Development Can Lead to New Forms

Fern stems reveal secrets of evolution: How constraints in development can lead to new forms

There are few forms of the botanical world as readily identifiable as fern leaves. These often large, lacy fronds lend themselves nicely to watercolor paintings and tricep tattoos alike. Thoreau said it best: "Nature made ferns for pure leaves, to show what she could do in that line."

Fern stems reveal secrets of evolution – how constraints in development can lead to new forms

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Fern stems reveal secrets of evolution – how constraints in development can lead to new forms

The lacy frond of the intermediate wood fern (_Dryopteris intermedia_). Jacob S. Suissa, CC BY-NDThere are few forms of the botanical world as readily identifiable as fern leaves. These often large, lacy fronds lend themselves nicely to watercolor paintings and tricep tattoos alike. Thoreau said it best: “Nature made ferns for pure leaves, to show what she could do in that line.” But ferns are not just for art and gardens. While fern leaves are …

Fern stems reveal secrets of evolution – how constraints in development can lead to new forms

There are few forms of the botanical world as readily identifiable as fern leaves. These often large, lacy fronds lend themselves nicely to watercolor paintings and tricep tattoos alike. Thoreau said it best: “Nature made ferns for pure leaves, to show what she could do in that line.” But ferns are not just for art and gardens. While fern leaves are the most iconic part of their body, these plants are whole organisms, with stems and roots that a…