When Europe could not source protective masks in 2020 and Russian gas pipelines went dark after the invasion of Ukraine, a question became politically unavoidable: which industries had European governments quietly handed to others, and at what price? The EU’s answer goes by a deliberately hedged name—open strategic autonomy. Coined around 2017 and elevated to a first principle under Ursula von der Leyen’s second Commission, the doctrine sets a l…
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