Caffeine: A Neuroprotectant and Neurotoxin in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

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Caffeine, the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world, enhances alertness and cognitive performance.

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Caffeine: A Neuroprotectant and Neurotoxin in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Caffeine is a weak, nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. At low-to-moderate doses, caffeine has a stimulating effect, however, at higher doses, it can act as a depressant. It can act both as a neuroprotectant and a neurotoxin. In experimental Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), administration of this psychoactive drug has been associated with beneficial or detrimental effects, depending on the dose, model, and timing. In a healthy brain, it can…