Frank Tipler jolted the astrophysics community in 1980 when he introduced self-replicating interstellar probes into discussion of the Fermi Paradox. The mathematical model of self-replication came from John von Neumann, and was codified in 1966 (after von Neumann’s death) by Arthur Burks in Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata (1966). SF fans will also know of Fred Saberhagen’s berserker novels and short stories (the first appeared in 1963). I’ve…
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